Introduction. Vision plays a key role in the development of newborns and children. Early and severe visual impairment can affect motor skills, cognition, communication and social abilities. One of the main diagnostic indicators of the development of the eye in children is the central visual acuity.
Purpose: To suggest an improvement of the visual acuity assessment system in children aged 2 to 5 years by introducing a fundamentally new eye chart intended to improve the accuracy and reliability of measurements.
Materials and methods. The study included 40 children (80 eyes) aged 2 to 5 years, without previously diagnosed ocular pathology. Visual acuity test was performed using standard Orlova eye chart and a fundamentally new Just Evident Images / Jonnazarov Eldor Ihtiyorovich eye chart (abbreviated as JEI/JEI). The results obtained were later compared. The JEI/JEI chart consists of 13 color and black optotypes of various sizes, equal in width and height, that represent objects that are well-known and easily recognizable by children even at an early age: “Sun”, “Flower”, “Christmas Tree”, “House”, “Chicken”, “Child”, “Star”, “Horse”, “Bear”, “Car”, “Kitten”, “Ball”, “Hare”.
Results. The results of vision acuity tests in 29 (72.5%) and 31 (77.5%) matched, and the effectiveness of both methods was evaluated as identical. In 11 cases (27.5%) of assessing VA in the right eye and 9 cases (22.5%) in the left eye, the results obtained differed, yet correlated directly: the difference between VA values obtained using JEI/JEI and Orlova eye charts amounted to 0.1–0.2.
Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the prospects of using the JEI/JEI eye chart in clinical practice for vision acuity tests in young children. The suggested method simplifies the perception of the objects and increases the accuracy of assessing visual acuity in children due to the selection and geometry of optotypes.

Purpose: to assess the indicators of vascular network density at limbus area in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism before and after excimer laser refractive surgery.
Material and methods. A total of 22 patients aged 18 to 37 years with myopia and myopic astigmatism of varying degrees, who previously underwent excimer laser refractive surgery, were examined. Additionally, the vascular network density at limbus area was assessed quantitatively in the preoperative and early postoperative periods using the Nidek RS-3000 AngioScan OCT device and utilizing a module for scanning the anterior segment of the eye.
Results. One hour after excimer laser refraction surgery, there was a decrease in vascular network density at limbus area in all four analyzed sectors (upper, lower, temporal, nasal). One day after surgery, there was an increase in this indicator, tending to preoperative values. We were unable to identify the dependence of the degree of vascular network density on the method of corneal flap formation.
Conclusion. OCT-angiography makes it possible to assess the indicators of vascular density at limbus area. The estimated indicators varied depending on the time passed after excimer laser refractive surgery.

Addressing the issue of a closed angle of the anterior chamber plays a key role in preventing the development of angleclosure glaucoma.
The purpose: to compare the efficacy of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (LPI) at the stage of primary angle closure suspects (PACs) with LPI carried out at the initial stage of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).
Materials and methods. A clinical case of a primary angle closed disease (PACD) in a patient with PACs after LPI in the right eye and with PACG after LPI, selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) and phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in the left eye is presented. A detailed examination was performed in dynamics, including methods of visualization of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
Results. After 2.5 years, the anterior chamber angle in the right eye retained an expanded profile after LPI (up to 30°), no signs of PACG development were recorded. On the left eye, the anterior chamber angle remained closed (9°) with an IOP of 24 mm Hg at the maximum hypotensive therapy with eye drops. Despite the absence of progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in both eyes, the risk of the transition from the initial stage to the moderate and advanced stage of PACG in the left eye still remains due to the presence of goniosynechia and possible fluctuations of intraocular pressure.
Conclusion. LPI is more effective at the stage of PACs and its implementation is advisable in order to prevent the development of PACG.

Background. The number of laser refractive surgeries to treat myopia is growing, and so does the number of complications. One of these complications, leading to progressive loss of vision, is iatrogenic corneal ectasia, which is difficult to correct and often causes work incapacity.
Purpose. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the possibilities of correcting iatrogenic corneal ectasia with contact lenses utilizing EyePrintPRO^TM technology.
Materials and methods. A clinical case describes the correction of iatrogenic progressive hyperopia with EyePrintPRO^TM contact lenses in a 52-year-old white male. The patient underwent several refractive surgeries, including Radial Keratotomy, Lasik and Cross-Linking, which resulted in peripheral corneal ectasia and progressive hyperopia. Previously fitted scleral lenses did not provide comfort and caused hyperemia and a foreign body sensation. The patient underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including special examinations required for calculation of contact lens parameters. The EyePrintPRO^TM lenses were made by taking an impression of the anterior ocular surface. In addition, an analysis of literature on corneal ectasia available on PubMed, eLibrary, Cyberleninka, Crossref metadata search and other resources was carried out.
Results and discussion. Thanks to EyePrintPRO^TM technology, it was possible to restore visual acuity and comfort: visual acuity increased from 0.16 to 1.0 in OD and from 0.4 to 1.0 in OS. Despite the presence of a pinguecula in the left eye, an adequate fit was achieved as demonstrated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the anterior segment of the eye. The discussion section provides a literature-based analysis of the causes leading to the occurrence of iatrogenic ectasia and expands on specifics of treatment of this pathology.
Conclusion. Impressionbased contact lenses may be a preferred choice for patients with corneal and scleral irregularities.

Background. The physiological basis of spatial perception is traditionally attributed to the binocular system, which integrates the signals coming to the brain from each eye into a single image of the three-dimensional outside world. The perception of three-dimensionality, however, is also possible due to the evolutionarily older monocular system of spatial perception. Normally, the binocular mechanism plays the leading role in depth perception, and its violations lead to a shift towards the monocular. In this regard, one of the relevant areas of ophthalmology and neurophysiology is the study of the features of monocular depth estimation in normal conditions and cases of ophthalmic pathology.
Purpose: to study the literature data on the monocular depth estimation mechanism, methods of its assessment, as well as the peculiarities of its manifestations in normal conditions and cases of ophthalmic pathology.
Materials and methods. The literature analysis of publications on PubMed, eLibrary, Cyberleninka and crossref metadata search was carried out.
Results. The review considers modern ideas regarding monocular depth cues that can ensure the effective operation of the monocular mechanism of spatial vision. The stereokinetic effect (SE) is considered in detail. The possibilities of using SE assessment methods to evaluate the state of spatial vision mechanisms in cases of ophthalmic and neurological pathology have been studied.
Conclusion. There are a number of monocular depth cues that can ensure the effective operation of the monocular mechanism of spatial vision, such as: perspective, light and color effects, accommodation and knowledge of the true sizes of the objects acquired with experience. Stereokinetic effect caused by the successive displacement of projections of circular eccentric images on the retina, which allows to evaluate relationship of monocular and binocular mechanisms of spatial perception, has a particular importance for ophthalmology practice. In patients with binocular vision disorders (amblyopia and strabismus), a decrease in monocular and an increase in binocular SE indicators were observed, whereas only a decrease in monocular indicators is more typical for organic ocular fundus pathology. At the same time, changes in SE indicators can serve as additional criteria for evaluating the efficacy of functional treatment of binocular disorders.

Background. Using colored overlays, glasses, lenses and filters to improve the brain’s ability to process visual information is a relatively new method of rehabilitation in Russia. It employs the use of individually selected colored glasses or contact lenses to correct the processing problems of visual and visual-spatial perception. The method has been proven effective in more than 200 pathological conditions. Three main groups are most clearly distinguished: 1. Developmental disorders (dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia, hyperactivity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders); 2. Eye conditions (photophobia and computer visual syndrome (CVS), glare and double vision after keratorefractive surgery, optical distortions in the setting of retinal dystrophy, etc.); 3. Common diseases, mainly neurologic (diffuse sclerosis, parkinsonism, photosensitive epilepsy, tics, conditions after concussion, strokes, traumatic brain injuries and neurosurgical procedures, headaches, migraines, blepharospasm, etc.). The purpose of the work is a brief overview of the methods of selection of colored glasses, lenses, overlays and filters in this contingent of patients.
Material and methods. 632 patients aged 6 to 73 years were examined and prescribed colored glasses (48% male, 52% female). There were 403 children with developmental disorders, 44 adults with the same pathology; 52 patients with ophthalmic diseases and 133 patients with neurologic diseases. A preliminary questionnaire was conducted for the selection of patients, as well as a complete ophthalmic examination. The corrective color shade was most often chosen with the help of a specially developed technique, additional kinesiological and neuropsychological methods, as well as methods of behavioral neurology. More precise definition of the color shade was carried out based on improvement of reading- and writing-related performance (qualitative and quantitative).
Results. Improvement was achieved in 92% of cases; 42% of patients exhibited a pronounced effect, while 51% exhibited a partial effect. In 15% of cases, positive dynamics was noted in the setting of the use of colored glasses.
Conclusions. Using colored overlays, glasses, lenses and filters is an effective method of rehabilitation of patients. The presented method of selecting colored overlays allows to help patients suffering from processing problems of visual and visual-spatial perception. Further development of the method is expedient and requires joint scientific research in cooperation with other specialists.