<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">glazmag</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">The EYE ГЛАЗ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The EYE GLAZ</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2222-4408</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8083</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Академия медицинской оптики и оптометрии</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33791/2222-4408-2021-2-7-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">glazmag-222</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эпидемиология миопии у детей Российской Федерации и анализ методов ее контроля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology of Myopia in Children of the Russian Federation and Analysis of Its Control Methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мягков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Myagkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мягков Александр Владимирович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, директор</p><p>125438, Российская Федерация, Москва, ул. Михалковская, д. 63Б, стр.2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Myagkov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director</p><p>63B, bld. 2, Mikhalkovskaya Str., Moscow, 125438, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поскребышева</surname><given-names>Ж. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poskrebysheva</surname><given-names>Zh. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Поскребышева Жанна Николаевна, врач-офтальмолог, научный сотрудник отдела ортокератологии и контроля миопии</p><p>125438, Российская Федерация, Москва, ул. Михалковская, д. 63Б, стр.2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhanna N. Poskrebysheva, ophthalmologist, researcher of the Department of Orthokeratology and Myopia Control</p><p>63B, bld. 2, Mikhalkovskaya Str., Moscow, 125438, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">j.poskrebysheva@ramoo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жабина</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhabina</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жабина Ольга Анатольевна, кандидат медицинских наук, руководитель отдела ортокератологии и контроля миопии</p><p>125438, Российская Федерация, Москва, ул. Михалковская, д. 63Б, стр.2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Zhabina, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Orthokeratology and Myopia Control</p><p>63B, bld. 2, Mikhalkovskaya Str., Moscow, 125438, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мягков</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Myagkov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мягков Даниил Александрович, оптометрист отдела контроля миопии</p><p>125438, Российская Федерация, Москва, ул. Михалковская, д. 63Б, стр.2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil A. Myagkov, optometrist of Department of Myopia Control</p><p>63B, bld. 2, Mikhalkovskaya Str., Moscow, 125438, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АНО «Национальный институт миопии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Myopia Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Академия медицинской оптики и оптометрии, 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Академия медицинской оптики и оптометрии</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Академия медицинской оптики и оптометрии</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.theeyeglaz.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.theeyeglaz.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.theeyeglaz.com/jour/article/view/222">https://www.theeyeglaz.com/jour/article/view/222</self-uri><abstract><p>Рост миопии наблюдается по всему миру, и Россия не исключение. В связи с этим, получение новых данных об эпидемиологии миопии среди детского населения России и оценка методов ее контроля в условиях реальной клинической практики не теряет своей актуальности.</p><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить проблемы эпидемиологии и терапии прогрессирующей миопии у детей в различных регионах РФ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Нами было проведено проспективное мультицентровое эпидемиологическое наблюдательное исследование в виде анкетирования. В исследовании приняли участие 106 врачей из 53 регионов России и 2931 родитель детей с миопией.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Половина врачей отметили, что манифест миопии диагностируют у детей в возрасте 10–12 лет, а 43% – в возрасте 7–9 лет. Важно, что степень впервые выявленной миопии (74,5%) находится в интервале от –1,25 до –3,00 дптр и лишь четверть (25,5%) – до –1,0 дптр. Большинство врачей (73,6%) у детей с миопией исследуют аккомодацию, считая ее одним из факторов, вызывающих прогрессирование. 52,9% офтальмологов назначают оптическую коррекцию при снижении монокулярной остроты зрения вдаль до 0,6 и ниже. При монокулярной остроте зрения вдаль 0,7 назначают коррекцию 29,2%, а 16% и 1,9% офтальмологов – при 0,8 и 0,9 соответственно. В качестве оптических методов контроля миопии детям с прогрессирующей близорукостью рекомендуют ортокератологические линзы 53,8% врачей, очки с полной коррекцией – 51,9%, дефокусные (бифокальные) МКЛ – 18,9%, а 4,7% респондентов используют другие методы контроля миопии, не указанные в анкете.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Миопия в большинстве случаев впервые диагностируется в возрасте 7–12 лет с манифестной степенью от –1,25 до –3,0 дптр, что свидетельствует о ее несвоевременном выявлении; оптическая коррекция назначается в основном при остроте зрения вдаль от 0,6 и ниже; большинством офтальмологов выполняется исследование аккомодации как фактора прогрессирования у детей с близорукостью; в качестве методов контроля миопии назначаются оптические методы, аппаратное и медикаментозное лечение аккомодационных нарушений, в то время как родители предпочитают использовать методы с минимальными временными затратами.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The increasing prevalence of myopia is observed all over the world, and Russia is no exception. In this regard, obtaining new data on its epidemiology among children and assessing methods of its control in real clinical practice are highly topical matters.</p><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. The purpose of this work was to assess the current issues of the epidemiology and treatment of progressive myopia in children in various regions of the Russian Federation.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. We conducted a prospective multicenter epidemiological observational questionnaire study. This study involved 106 doctors from 53 regions of Russia and 2931 parents of myopic children.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. 50% of the surveyed doctors noted that the manifestation of myopia is diagnosed in children aged 10–12 years, while 43% noted the same in children aged 7–9 years. According to 74.5% of doctors, the degree of the newly diagnosed myopia ranges from –1.25 to –3.00 diopters, 25.5% of doctors reported that it is below –1.0 diopters. The majority of doctors (73.6%) assess accommodation in myopic children, considering it one of the progression factors. 52.9% of ophthalmologists prescribe optical correction in cases when monocular distance visual acuity amounts to 0.6 (decimal scale) or lower values, while 29.2%, 16% and 1.9% of the surveyed ophthalmologists prescribe optical correction in cases when monocular distance visual acuity amounts to 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 respectively.</p><p>The following optical methods for juvenile myopia control are recommended by the doctors: orthokeratology contact lenses (53.8%), spectacles for full correction (51.9%), peripheral defocus-inducing (bifocal) soft contact lenses (18.9%), while 4.7% of the surveyed doctors utilized other methods of myopia control, which were not indicated in the questionnaire.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In most cases, manifestation of myopia is diagnosed in children aged 7–12 years. Its degree ranges from –1.25 to –3.0 diopters, which indicates its late diagnosis; optical correction is prescribed mainly in cases when monocular distance visual acuity is 0.6 or lower; most ophthalmologists assess accommodation in myopic children, considering it a progression factor. As methods of myopia control, doctors utilize optical correction, device-assisted therapy and pharmacological treatment of accommodative disorders, while parents prefer methods that require minimum time expenditures.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прогрессирующая миопия</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология миопии</kwd><kwd>оптическая коррекция</kwd><kwd>контроль миопии</kwd><kwd>медикаментозная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>progressive myopia</kwd><kwd>epidemiology of myopia</kwd><kwd>optical correction</kwd><kwd>myopia control</kwd><kwd>pharmacological treatment</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Региональная общественная организация инвалидов «Здоровье человека»</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">“Human Health” Regional Public Organization of Disabled People</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams K.M., Bertelsen G., Cumberland P., Wolfram C., Verhoeven V.J., Anastasopoulos E. Increasing prevalence of myopia in Europe and the impact of education. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(7):1489–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams K.M., Bertelsen G., Cumberland P., Wolfram C., Verhoeven V.J., Anastasopoulos E. Increasing prevalence of myopia in Europe and the impact of education. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(7):1489–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holden B.A., Fricke T.R., Wilson D.A. Jong M., Naidoo K.S., Sankaridurg P., Wong T.Y., Naduvilath T.J., Resnikoff S. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036–1042. https://doi.org/ 10.1016 / j.ophtha.2016.01.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holden B.A., Fricke T.R., Wilson D.A. Jong M., Naidoo K.S., Sankaridurg P., Wong T.Y., Naduvilath T.J., Resnikoff S. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036–1042. https://doi.org/ 10.1016 / j.ophtha.2016.01.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тарутта Е.П., Иомдина Е.Н., Тарасова Н.А., Маркосян Г.А., Максимова М.В. Комплексный подход к профилактике и лечению прогрессирующей миопии у школьников. РМЖ «Клиническая Офтальмология». 2018;2:70–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarutta E.P., Iomdina E.N., Tarasova N.A., Markosyan G.A., Maksimova M.V. Complex approach to the prevention and treatment of progressive myopia in school children. R.M.J. “Clinical Ophthalmology” .2018;2:70–76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации «Миопия (дети)» (Электронный ресурс). URL: http://cr.rosminzdrav.ru/recomend/109_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical guidelines “Myopia (children)” (Electronic resource). URL: http://cr.rosminzdrav.ru/recomend/109_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Проскурина О.В., Маркова Е.Ю., Бржеский В.В., Ефимова Е.Л., Ефимова М.Н., Хватова Н.В., Егорова, А.В. Распространенность миопии у школьников некоторых регионов России. Офтальмология. 2018;15(3):348–353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proskurina O.V., Markova E.Yu., Brzhesky V.V., Efimova E.L., Efimova M.N., Khvatova N.V., Egorova, A.V. The prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren in some regions of russia. Ophthalmology. 2018;15(3):348–353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kempen J.H., Mitchell P., Lee K.E. The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:495–505. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/archopht.122.4.495</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kempen J.H., Mitchell P., Lee K.E. The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. Arch Ophthalmol.2004;122:495–505. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/archopht.122.4.495</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркова Е.Ю., Пронько Н.А., Безмельницына Л.Ю., Аминулла Л.В., Венедиктова Л.В. К вопросу о школьной близорукости. Офтальмология. 2018;15(1):87–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markova E.Yu., Pron’ko N.A., Bezmelnitsyna L.Yu., Aminulla L.V., Venediktova L.V. To the question of school myopia. ophthalmology. 2018;15(1):87–91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao J., Mao J., Luo R., Li F., Munoz S.R., Ellwein L.B. The progression of refractive error in school-age children: Shunyi district, China. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2002;134(5):735–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao J., Mao J., Luo R., Li F., Munoz S.R., Ellwein L.B. The progression of refractive error in school-age children: Shunyi district, China. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2002;134(5):735–43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiang F., He M., Zeng Y., Mai J., Rose K.A., Morgan I.G. Increases in the prevalence of reduced visual acuity and myopia in Chinese children in Guangzhou over the past 20 years. Eye. 2013;27(12):1353–1358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiang F., He M., Zeng Y., Mai J., Rose K.A., Morgan I.G. Increases in the prevalence of reduced visual acuity and myopia in Chinese children in Guangzhou over the past 20 years. Eye. 2013;27(12):1353–1358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang S.K., Guo Y., Liao C. et al. Incidence of and factors associated with myopia and high myopia in Chinese children, based on refraction without cycloplegia. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(9):1017–1024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang S.K., Guo Y., Liao C. et al. Incidence of and factors associated with myopia and high myopia in Chinese children, based on refraction without cycloplegia. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(9):1017–1024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saw S.M., Tong L., Chua W.H. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2005;46(1):51–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saw S.M., Tong L., Chua W.H. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2005;46(1):51–57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsumura H., Hirai H. Prevalence of myopia and refractive changes in students from 3 to 17 years of age. Surv. Ophthalmol. 1999;44:109–115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsumura H., Hirai H. Prevalence of myopia and refractive changes in students from 3 to 17 years of age. Surv. Ophthalmol. 1999;44:109–115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsai D.C., Fang S.Y., Huang N. et al. Myopia development among young school children: the myopia investigation study in Taipei. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2016;57(15):6852–6860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsai D.C., Fang S.Y., Huang N. et al. Myopia development among young school children: the myopia investigation study in Taipei. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2016;57(15):6852–6860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiang F., He M., Morgan I.G. Annual changes in refractive errors and ocular components before and after the onset of myopia in Chinese children. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(7):1478–1484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiang F., He M., Morgan I.G. Annual changes in refractive errors and ocular components before and after the onset of myopia in Chinese children. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(7):1478–1484.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones L.A., Sinnott L.T., Mutti D.O., Mitchell G.L., Moeschberger M.L., Zadnik K. Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007;48(8):3524–3532.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones L.A., Sinnott L.T., Mutti D.O., Mitchell G.L., Moeschberger M.L., Zadnik K. Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007;48(8):3524–3532.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang H.M., Chang D.S., Wu P.C. The association between near work activities and myopia in children-a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang H.M., Chang D.S., Wu P.C. The association between near work activities and myopia in children-a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams C., Miller L.L., Gazzard G., Saw S.M. A comparison of measures of reading and intelligence as risk factors for the development of myopia in a UK cohort of children. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2008;92(8):1117–1121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams C., Miller L.L., Gazzard G., Saw S.M. A comparison of measures of reading and intelligence as risk factors for the development of myopia in a UK cohort of children. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2008;92(8):1117–1121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gwiazda J., Hyman L., Hussein M., Everett D., Norton T.T., Kurtz D., Scheiman M. A randomized clinical trial of progressive addition lenses versus single vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children. Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science. 2003; 44(4):1492–1500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gwiazda J., Hyman L., Hussein M., Everett D., Norton T.T., Kurtz D., Scheiman M. A randomized clinical trial of progressive addition lenses versus single vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children. Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science. 2003; 44(4):1492–1500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Y., Drobe B., Zhang C., Singh N., Spiegel D.P., Chen H., Lu F. Accommodation is unrelated to myopia progression in chinese myopic children. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):1–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Y., Drobe B., Zhang C., Singh N., Spiegel D.P., Chen H., Lu F. Accommodation is unrelated to myopia progression in chinese myopic children. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):1–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Price H., Allen P.M., Radhakrishnan H., Calver R., Rae S., Theagarayan B., O’Leary D.J. The cambridge anti-myopia study: variables associated with myopia progression. Optometry and Vision Science. 2013; 90(11): 1274–1283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Price H., Allen P.M., Radhakrishnan H., Calver R., Rae S., Theagarayan B., O’Leary D.J. The cambridge anti-myopia study: variables associated with myopia progression. Optometry and Vision Science. 2013; 90(11): 1274–1283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalakeya L.C., Esenwah E.C., Ikoro N.C., Megwas A.U., Azuamah E.C., Azuamah Y.C. Accommodation lag among corrected myopes and emmetropes: a comparative study. International Journal of Scientific Research. 2018;9(12E):30166–30168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalakeya L.C., Esenwah E.C., Ikoro N.C., Megwas A.U., Azuamah E.C., Azuamah Y.C. Accommodation lag among corrected myopes and emmetropes: a comparative study. International Journal of Scientific Research. 2018;9(12E):30166–30168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richdale K., Bailey M.D., Sinnott L.T., Kao C.Y., Zadnik K., Bullimore M.A. The effect of phenylephrine on the ciliary muscle and accommodation. Optometry and vision science: official publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2012;89(10):1507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richdale K., Bailey M.D., Sinnott L.T., Kao C.Y., Zadnik K., Bullimore M.A. The effect of phenylephrine on the ciliary muscle and accommodation. Optometry and vision science: official publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2012;89(10):1507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gimpel G., Doughty M.J., Lyle W.M. Large sample study of the effects of phenylephrine 2.5% eyedrops on the amplitude of accommodation in man. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 1994;14(2):123–128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gimpel G., Doughty M.J., Lyle W.M. Large sample study of the effects of phenylephrine 2.5% eyedrops on the amplitude of accommodation in man. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 1994;14(2):123–128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бржеский В.В., Воронцова Т.Н., Ефимова Е.Л., Прусинская С.М. Эффективность препарата Ирифрин 10% в лечении детей с привычно-избыточным напряжением аккомодации. Клиническая офтальмология. 2008;9(3):90–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brzheskii V.V., Vorontsova T.N., Efimova E.L., Prusinskaya S.M.. Effect of 10% Irifrin in the treatment of children with chronic overtension of accommodation. Clinical ophthalmology. 2008;9(3):90–93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова Е.М., Страхов В.В. Применение ирифрина как стимулятора аккомодации для дали. Клиническая офтальмология. 2005;6(2):86–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova E.M., Strahov V.V. Irifrin usage as stimulator of distant refraction. Clinical ophthalmology. 2005;6(2):86–90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Страхов В.В., Гулидова Е.Г., Волкова Е.М. Аккомодационный и гипотензивный эффект симпатомиметика ирифрина. Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2013;6(2):76–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strakhov V.V., Gulidova E.G., Volkova E.M. Accommodative and hypotensive effect of sympathomimetic Irifrin. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2013;6(2):76–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аккомодация: Руководство для врачей / Под ред. Л.А. Катаргиной. М.: Апрель; 2012:24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Accommodation: a guide for doctors / Ed. L.A. Katargina. M.: April. 2012:24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Набил З., Воронцова Т.Н., Бржеский В.В. Комбинированная терапия спазма аккомодации у детей. Офтальмологические ведомости. 2011;4(1):23-27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nabil Z., Vorontsova T.N., Brzheskiy V.V. Combined therapy of accommodation spasm in children. Ophthalmic statements. 2011;4(1):23-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
